Kutanga kweChando: Nhoroondo Mavambo uye Kukosha muChinese 24 Solar Terms.

Sezvo mweya wakatsetseka unogara mukati uye nekukura kwemazuva, shanduko kubva mumatsutso kuenda kuchando inoratidzwa nenguva yakakosha inozivikanwa se "Kutanga kweChando" (立冬, Lìdōng) mukarenda yemwedzi weChinese. Iri izwi nderimwe remashoko makumi maviri nemana ezuva akashandiswa kwemazana emakore kutungamira maitiro ekurima, zviitiko zvetsika, uye mhemberero dzemwaka muChina. Kunzwisisa mabviro enhoroondo yeKutanga kweChando nenzvimbo yaro mukati mechimiro cheChinese 24 solar mazwi kunopa nzwisiso mune yakapfuma tapestry yeChinese tsika nekubatana kwayo kwakadzama kune zvakasikwa.

 

 

 

The Chinese 24 Solar Terms: An Overview

 

Pfungwa yematemu ezuva inodzokera kuChina yekare, iine zvinyorwa zvekare zvinoonekwa muzvinyorwa kubva kuHan Dynasty (206 BCE - 220 CE). Matemu makumi maviri nemana ezuva anokamura gore rezuva kuita zvikamu zvinoenderana nekushanduka kwemwaka, mamiriro ekunze, uye kutenderera kwekurima. Temu yega yega inotora mazuva angangoita gumi nemashanu, ichimaka mapoinzi akakosha mukarenda yezuva. Aya mashoko haangoratidzi zvinhu zvakasikwa chete asiwo anoshanda senhungamiro kuvarimi, achivabatsira kuziva nguva dzakanakisisa dzokudyara, kukohwa, uye mamwe mabasa okurima.

 

Iwo 24 solar mazwi ndeaya anotevera:

 

1. Kutanga kweChirimo (立春, Lìchūn)

2.Mvura inonaya (mvura inonaya, Yǔshuǐ)

3.Kumutswa kweZvipembenene

4.Spring Equinox (春 Equinox, Chūnfēn)

5. Yakajeka uye Yakajeka (清明, Qīngmíng)

6.Mvura yezviyo (古雨, Gǔyǔ)

7. Kutanga kweZhizha (Lixia, Lìxià)

8.Zviyo Zvizere (小满, Xiǎomǎn)

9. Summer Solstice (muzhizha solstice, Xiàzhì)

10.Kupisa Kushoma (小热, Xiǎoshǔ)

11.Kupisa Kukuru (大热, Dàshǔ)

12. Kutanga kweMatsutso (立秋, Lìqiū)

13. Kupera Kwekupisa (Kupera Kupisa, Chùshǔ)

14.Matsutso Equinox (Matsutso Equinox, Qiūfēn)

15. Cold Dew (Hanlu, Hánlù)

16.Frost's Descent ( Frost's Descent, Shuāngjiàng)

17. Kutanga kweChando (立冬, Lìdōng)

18.Chiedza Chando (小雪, Xiǎoxuě)

19. Chando chinopisa (大雪, Dàxuě)

20.Winter Solstice (Winter Solstice, Dōngzhi)

21.Kutonhora Kudiki (小Han, Xiǎohán)

22 Great Cold (大汉, Dàhán)

23. Kutanga kweChirimo (立春, Lìchūn)

24. Mvura inonaya (mvura inonaya, Yǔshuǐ)

 

Pakati peizvi, Kutanga kweChando kunonyanya kukosha sezvo zvichireva kutanga kwemwaka unotonhora zvikuru wegore.

 

Historical Origins of the Beginning of Chando

 

Kutanga kweChando kunowanzopembererwa musi waMbudzi 7 kana 8, zvichienderana negore, apo zuva rinosvika kureba kwedenga kwe225 degrees. Iri izwi rezuva harisi chete chiratidzo chekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze; yakanyura mukukosha kwenhoroondo uye tsika dzetsika dzakashanduka kwezviuru zvemakore.

 

Mabviro eKutanga kweChando anogona kuteverwa kumashure kune ekare nzanga dzekurima muChina. Kare paZhou Dynasty (1046–256 BCE), maChinese vaive vacherechedzi vezvenyika, uye vakagadzira hurongwa hwekarenda hwairatidza mutinhimira wechisikigo. Kutanga kweChando yakanga iri nguva yokuti varimi vagadzirire mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma aiva mberi. Yakanga iri nhambo yokufungisisa nokuronga, sezvo varimi vaizoongorora goho ravo ndokuita gadziriro dzinodikanwa dzemwedzi yechando.

 

Munguva dzekare, Kutanga kweChando kwaibatanidzwawo netsika dzakasiyana-siyana uye tsika dzakanangana nekuona goho rakanaka mugore rinouya. Vanhu vaizopa zvibayiro kuvamwari nemadzitateguru, vachitsvaka zvikomborero zvemhuri dzavo nezvirimwa. Miitiro iyi yaiwanzobatanidza mabiko ezvokudya zvemwaka, izvo zvaidavirwa kuti zvinopa simba nokudziya mukati memwedzi inotonhora.

 

Cultural Kukosha kwekutanga kwechando

 

Kutanga kweChando hachisi chiratidzo chemwaka chete; inguva yekukosha kwetsika kunonzwika kuburikidza nemhando dzakasiyana dzehupenyu hweChinese. Izwi rinowanzobatanidzwa nepfungwa ye "kuchengeta simba" kwemwedzi yechando, zvese panyama nepamweya. Iyi pfungwa inoratidzwa mumutauro wechiChinese mushonga, iyo inosimbisa kukosha kwekudyisa muviri uye kuchengetedza kuenzanisa panguva yechando.

 

Imwe yetsika dzinonyanya kuzivikanwa dzakabatana neKutanga kweChando kugadzirira uye kudyiwa kwechikafu chakananga. Munharaunda dzakawanda dzeChina, mhuri dzinoungana kuti dzive nezvokudya zvinovaka muviri zvakapfuma muzvokudya nokudziya. Zvokudya zvakaita semadumplings, poto inopisa, uye zvidya zvakasiyana-siyana zvakakurumbira panguva ino, zvichiratidza kudiwa kwekudziya uye chekudya sezvo tembiricha inodonha.

 

Pamusoro petsika dzechikafu, Kutanga kweChando inguva yekuungana kwemhuri uye zviitiko zvekutandara. Vanhu vakawanda vanotora mukana wacho kushanyira hama neshamwari, vachisimbisa zvisungo zvenzanga uye kugoverana muushamwari hwoushamwari. Uku kukoshesa mhuri uye nharaunda chiratidzo chetsika dzeChinese, uye Kutanga kweChando kunoshanda sechiyeuchidzo chekukosha kwekubatana uku.

 

Kutanga Kwechando Mumazuva Ano

 

MuChina yanhasi, Kutanga kweChando kunoramba kuchipembererwa, kunyangwe paine shanduko mutsika nemaitiro. Nepo tsika dzakawanda dzechivanhu dzakachengetedzwa, mararamiro emazuva ano akakurudzirawo kuti vanhu vanocherechedza sei izwi rezuva iri. Kugara mumaguta uye kukurumidza kukurumidza kwehupenyu hwazvino zvakonzera shanduko yekutarisa, nevanhu vazhinji vachiisa pamberi pekureruka pane zvechivanhu.

 

Nekudaro, iyo yakakosha yeKutanga kweChando inoramba yakasimba. Mumaguta muChina, vanhu vachiri kunakidzwa nekudya kwemwaka uye kutora chikamu mukuungana kwemhuri. Izwi rinoshanda sechiyeuchidzo chechimiro chehupenyu uye kukosha kwekuenderana nekuchinja kwemwaka. Inokurudzira vanhu kuti vafunge nezvehupenyu hwavo, kuisa zvinangwa zvemwedzi iri kuuya, uye kugamuchira kudziya kwenharaunda nemhuri.

 

Mhedziso

 

Kutanga kweChando izwi rakakosha rezuva mukarenda yeChinese, richiratidza shanduko mumwaka unotonhora zvakanyanya wegore. Mabviro aro enhau akadzama midzi mumiitiro yokurima, tsika dzetsika, uye kuchengetwa kwemiitiro yechisiko. Senguva yekufungisisa, kugadzirira, uye nharaunda, Kutanga kweChando kunoramba kuine kukosha munharaunda yemazuva ano yeChinese.

 

Kunzwisisa kukosha kweiyi temu yezuva hakungowedzere kukoshesa kwatinoita tsika dzechiChinese asiwo kunosimbisa dingindira repasi rose rekuchinja, kusimba, uye kukosha kwekubatana nezvisikwa uye mumwe nemumwe. Sezvatinogamuchira kutonhora kwechando, tinoyeuchidzwa nezveushamwari hunobva kumhuri, shamwari, uye zviitiko zvinogoverana zvinotibatanidza pamwe chete.